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Testimony before Congressional Oversight Committee on Autism and Immunization
by Arthur Krigsman MD
Mr. Chairman and members of the committee: This testimony represents the scientific findings of data accumulated over the past year and a half from autistic children during the course of standard evaluations of their gastrointestinal symptoms. This testimony should in no way be taken as anti-vaccine. Children in my pediatric practice continue to receive all vaccinations in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The observations expressed herein are my own, and do not represent the opinions of any institution, organization, clinic, or medical practice with which I may be associated.
My involvement with autistic children began approximately one and a half years ago. At that time, I was approached by a colleague who was caring for a large number of autistic patients. He observed that a large proportion of these patients suffered from chronic, unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms and that these symptoms were a source of great anxiety to the parents. I agreed to evaluate them, and my findings are detailed below. The evaluations undertaken were standard textbook evaluations of children with chronic diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain, uninfluenced by the fact that these children were autistic.
Patient Population
Our experience consists of a total of 43 consecutive children aged2-10 years of age. Most were referred by private practitioners but many were self referred after much frustration with their children’s ongoing discomfort. 42patients had received a diagnosis of either autistic disorder or autistic spectrum disorder by a pediatric neurologist or developmental pediatrician. Many children had received independent confirmation from a second or even a third pediatric specialist. In no instance was the diagnosis disputed by a second specialist. The remaining patient carried a diagnosis of Aspergers syndrome.
The majority of patients had a clear history of developmental regression. Specifically, these children developed in an entirely normal fashion for the first 12-18 months. They typically had a vocabulary of 15-25 words, maintained normal eye contact, were playful and interactive, and were not overly irritable. At some point during this age interval of 12-18months, they had either a precipitous or gradual decline in all the above mentioned developmental markers, and this was accompanied by the appearance of typical autistic behaviors, stimming, and bouts of unexplained irritability. In some patients, verbal stagnation, but not regression occurred. However, in these patients, clear regression was seen in the interactive and social skills of the children.
The majority of patients are from the northeastern United States. The ratio of males to females was 7:1.
Symptomatology
The most common gastrointestinal symptom noted by the parents was diarrhea. In some children, the diarrhea took the form of a soupy liquid thatoccurred4 to 7 times per day and would frequently leak from the child’s diaper. However, the majority of parents reported a stool frequency of 1-3 per day with a consistency of mashed potatoes. The stool is particularly malodorous, and usually contains pieces of undigested foods. Irritability is often noted just prior to the bowel movement.
Constipation is another frequent complaint, consisting of bowel movements every 3-6 days and typically accompanied by great irritability upon passage of the stool. The consistency of the passed stool was not overly hard, suggesting that these children are actually withholding stool and not truly constipated in the strict sense of the term. This constipation is often accompanied by abdominal distension and flatulence. Most patients experienced periods of diarrhea alternating with periods of constipation.
Abdominal pain is another frequent complaint. Most of these children are poorly communicative, and parents often rely on body language cues in determining that their child is experiencing abdominal pain. Children often drop unexpectedly to the floor howling and screaming. This often lasts for up to half an hour. Many children clutch their abdomen and bend over. Some assume a fetal position on the bed or floor, and others take the parents hand and rub their abdomen.
Finally, we have noticed that most regressive autistic children show poor growth, with the majority falling in the lower 10th %tile weight forage. Interestingly, there does not seem to be a concomitant percentile deficit in height for age.
Evaluation
All children underwent initial evaluation of their gastrointestinal symptoms. This included a thorough history and physical exam, complete blood count with platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum chemistries, celiac antibody panel with serum IgA, inflammatory bowel disease serology, and stool examination for ova and parasites, culture, and occult blood. The patients diet was thoroughly reviewed to assure that it did not contain excessive nonabsorbed carbohydrates or fruit juices. Therapeutic alterations in the diet were undertaken, including the removal of all gluten and casein containing foods. Medications and supplements were reviewed to assure that they did not contribute to the symptoms.
The evaluation above invariably did not lead to a diagnosis and patients then underwent colonoscopy. Upper endoscopy was performed only if pain was a predominant complaint or if celiac disease was strongly suspected.
Findings
The above images depict the terminal ileum in two patients. They are representative of the gross endoscopic findings of 90% of these patients in whom the lymphoid nodules of the terminal ileum were found to be markedly enlarged. This is in agreement with the previously published findings of Dr. Wakefield in which a similar proportion of patients were found to have abnormal lymphonodular hyperplasia of the terminal ileum.
The second significant finding in our series was on histologic evaluation of the biopsy specimens. The results are summarized below.
% patients with colitis
28/43
65%
% patients with active colitis
22/43
51%
% patients with chronic colitis
17/43
40%
% patients with eosinophilic colitis
3/43
7%
% LNH (macro) of terminal ileum
36/40
90%
% neither active, chronic, nor eosinophilic
15/43
35%
Colitis was determined as per the report of the institutional pathologist. The interpretation of whether the degree of inflammation represented true pathologic inflammation versus a normal variant was subject to the personal experience of the individual pathologist and was not subjected to auniform rating system.
The patterns of inflammation were patchy and unpredictable in any given patient, but overall were noted in all parts of the colon and terminal ileum. Although the table above lists chronic and active colitis separately, most patients with colitis had both chronic and active inflammation. Most patients had at least 3-4 distinct areas of histologic inflammation, with an equal number of biopsies that were histologically normal. The intensity of the inflammatory lesions varied as well, with many being subtle and somewhat focal, and others being more marked and diffuse. The latter included areas of cryptitis, crypt abscess, ulcerations, and dense inflammatory infiltration. One patient was found to have an inflammatory polyp. Most significantly, these findings were consistent and seen repeatedly amongst the majority of patients.
In regards to the last group of patients in the table above, it should be noted that although the histology did not reveal pathologic colonic inflammation, the majority of these patients were found to have a heavy and diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon (macroscopic and microscopic), signifying an activation of the colon’s internal immune system.
Conclusion
In a series of 43 autistic children, mostly regressive, with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms, the majority were found to have pathologic inflammation of the colon and terminal ileum. 90% had pathologic lymphonodular hyperplasia of the terminal ileum. Moreover, the findings were similar and consistent from patient to patient within the affected group.
Questions
1) Does autistic colitis occur equally in regressive vs. non-regressive autism?
2) Do differences in growth exist between the colitis and non-colitis group?
3) Do differences in growth exist between the regressive vs. non-regressive group?
4) In a retrospective analysis of growth, will onset of growth failure coincide with the onset of regressive behaviors?